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Next decade 'may see no warming'
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Source: BBC News
URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7376301.stm
Posted Date: 01 May 2008

[image: Crocuses. Image: AFP/Getty] La Nina conditions have brought unseasonably cold weather to Europe

*The Earth's temperature may stay roughly the same for a decade, as natural climate cycles enter a cooling phase, scientists have predicted.*

A new computer model developed by German researchers, reported in the journal Nature, suggests the cooling will counter greenhouse warming.

However, temperatures will again be rising quickly by about 2020, they say.

Other climate scientists have welcomed the research, saying it may help societies plan better for the future.

*See how modelled temperatures may develop*<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7376301.stm#map>

The key to the new prediction is the natural cycle of ocean temperatures called the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), which is closely related to the warm currents that bring heat from the tropics to the shores of Europe.

The cause of the oscillation is not well understood, but the cycle appears to come round about every 60 to 70 years.

*Imagine the payoff of knowing with some certainty what the next 10 years hold in terms of temperature and precipitation* Professor Michael Schlesinger

It may partly explain why temperatures rose in the early years of the last century before beginning to cool in the 1940s.

"One message from our study is that in the short term, you can see changes in the global mean temperature that you might not expect given the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)," said Noel Keenlyside from the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University.

His group's projection diverges from other computer models only for about 15-20 years; after that, the curves come back together and temperatures
rise.

"In the long term, radiative forcing (the Earth's energy balance) dominates. But it's important for policymakers to realise the pattern," he told BBC News.

*Deep patterns*

Modelling of climatic events in the oceans is difficult, simply because there is relatively little data on some of the key processes, such as the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) - sometimes erroneously known as the Gulf Stream - which carries heat northwards in the Atlantic.

Only within the last few years have researchers begun systematically deploying mobile floats and tethered buoys that will, in time, tell us how this circulation is changing.

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/08/sci_nat_enl_1209583494/html/1.stm>
Atlantic circulation

Enlarge Image<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/08/sci_nat_enl_1209583494/html/1.stm>

As a substitute for direct measurements of the MOC, the Kiel team used data going back 50 years from the Labrador Sea, where warm water gives up its heat to the atmosphere and sinks, before returning southward lower in the ocean.

Combining this ocean data with established models of global warming, they were able to generate a stream of model results that mimicked well temperatures observed in the recent past over the north Atlantic, western Europe and North America.

Looking forward, the model projects a weakening of the MOC and a resulting cooling of north Atlantic waters, which will act to keep temperatures in check around the world, much as the warming and cooling associated with El Nino and La Nina in the Pacific bring global consequences.

"We have to take into account that there are uncertainties in our model; but it does suggest a plateauing of temperatures, and then a continued rise," said Dr Keenlyside.

*'No distraction'*

The projection does not come as a surprise to climate scientists, though it may to a public that has perhaps become used to the idea that the rapid temperature rises seen through the 1990s are a permanent phenomenon.

"We've always known that the climate varies naturally from year to year and decade to decade," said Richard Wood from the UK's Hadley Centre, who reviewed the new research for Nature.

"We expect man-made global warming to be superimposed on those natural variations; and this kind of research is important to make sure we don't get distracted from the longer term changes that will happen in the climate (as a result of greenhouse gas emissions)."

[image: Buoys. Image: Nerc] Ocean buoys should produce more data about the Atlantic oscillation

Dr Wood cautions that this kind of modelling is in its infancy; and once data can be brought directly from the Atlantic depths, that may change the view of how the AMO works and what it means for the global climate.

As with the unusually cold weather seen recently in much of the northern hemisphere - linked to La Nina conditions - he emphasises that even if the Kiel model proves correct, it is not an indication that the longer-term climate projections of the IPCC and many other institutions are wrong.

Michael Schlesinger, the US scientist who characterised the AMO in 1994, described the new model as "very exciting".

"No doubt we need to have more data from the deep ocean, and we don't have that at present," the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign researcher told BBC News.

"But imagine the payoff of knowing with some certainty what the next 10 years hold in terms of temperature and precipitation - the economic impacts of that would be significant."

[image: Modelled futures (from Kennlyside et al)]

May 2, 2008 | 9:43 PM Comments  0 comments
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Global warming? Next decade could be cooler
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Global warming? Next decade could be cooler, says study

Wed Apr 30, 1:34 PM ET

PARIS (AFP) - Global warming could take a break in the next decade
thanks to a natural shift in ocean circulations, although Earth's
temperature will rise as previously expected over the longer term,
according to a study published on Thursday in the British journal Nature.

Climate scientists in Germany base the prediction on what they believe
is an impending change in the Gulf Stream -- the conveyor belt that
transports warm surface water from the tropical Atlantic to the
northern Atlantic and returns cold water southwards at depth.

The Gulf Stream will temporarily weaken over the next decade, in line
with what has happened regularly in the past, the researchers say.

This will lead to slightly cooler temperatures in the North Atlantic
and in North America and Europe, and also help the temperatures in the
tropical Pacific to remain stable, they suggest.

Last year, scientists in the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) said that by 2100, global average surface temperatures
could rise by between 1.1 C and 6.4 C (1.98 and 11.52 F) compared to
1980-99 levels.

In the next 20 years alone, the global climate would warm by around
0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) per decade, the IPCC said.

These calculations are based on atmospheric concentrations of carbon
gases -- the famous "greenhouse effect" in which solar heat is stored
in the air rather than released into space.

The heat is eventually transferred to the sea and land, ultimately
disrupting Earth's complex climate system.

Climate experts have long warned, though, that warming is unlikely to
be a gradual trend, but a movement in stops and starts.

The main reason for this is that the oceans -- the biggest store of
heat -- go through natural cycles of circulation.

The long churning of the seas can have a far-reaching effect,
sometimes delaying for years the moment when the stored warmth is
released at the surface.

The authors of the new study stress that they do not dispute the
IPCC's figures.

"Just to make things clear, we are not stating that anthropogenic
[man-made] climate change won't be as bad as previously thought," said
Mojib Latif, a professor at the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences
in Kiel, northern Germany.

"What we are saying is that on top of the warming trend, there is a
long-periodic oscillation that will probably lead to a lower
temperature increase than we would expect from the current trend
during the next years."

Fellow author Johann Jungclaus of the Max Planck Institute for
Meteorology in Hamburg, likened the trend to "driving from the coast
to a mountainous area and crossing some hills and valleys before you
reach the top."

In some years, the natural long-term variation in ocean circulation
would work in the other direction, temporarily pushing on the warming
accelerator, Jungclaus warned.

In a commentary also published by Nature, Richard Wood, a scientist at
Britain's Hadley Centre for climate change, said it was useful to get
some idea about the jagged variability of global warming.

Such information could be precious for planners seeking to beef up
protection against the impact of climate change, and who need to know
when these expensive defences have to be completed.

But Wood queried the study's focus on the Gulf Stream, saying its
turnover was affected not just by temperature but also by saltiness.

The salinity of water entering the North Atlantic is being affected by
meltwater running off Greenland glaciers and Siberian permafrost, and
some research suggests this is already slowing the conveyor belt.

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080430/sc_afp/scienceclimatewarming_080430173430

May 1, 2008 | 2:00 PM Comments  0 comments


Global warming may turn RP into ‘water world’
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

By Tarra Quismundo
Philippine Daily Inquirer
First Posted 20:01:00 04/29/2008

MANILA, Philippines -- Half of Naga City submerged along with five eastern towns of the Bicol region, and between 20 million to 30 million turned into environment refugees across the Philippines.

Speaking of the country’s own “inconvenient truth,” environmentalists painted this grim forecast at a conference on climate change and conflict at the Asian Institute of Management's Policy Center on Tuesday.

The scenario may well happen within the century if people continue to disregard the consequences of a warmer planet, they said.

They shared science-backed forecasts of the Philippines at a time when ice caps surrender to a warmer Earth.

Nereus Acosta, convener of the Philippine Climate Change Initiative and former Bukidnon congressman, said a meter higher of sea levels will submerge 15 of the country's 17 regions, with the northern highlands as the only areas spared from the catastrophe.

“The Philippines as an archipelago is considered a climate hotspot ... with 20 out of 80 provinces vulnerable to a one meter rise in sea level,” said Acosta in a presentation before an audience of 60 listeners, among them officers from the environment and energy departments, the academe and non-government organizations.

Acosta said provinces in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the Zamboanga Peninsula, Eastern Visayas and the Bicol region, “incidentally those with the higher poverty incidence and greatest food insecurity in the Philippines,” are among places to be worst hit by widespread flooding because of global sea-level rise.

“With these regions affected, there will be 20 (million) to 30 million people who will be dislocated, they will become environmental refugees who will be fighting for scarce resources,” said Acosta in an interview.

Acosta based his estimates on published international studies on climate change, including that of the Nobel prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and James Hansen, a climate scientist with the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration, who studied carbon dioxide emission levels worldwide.

At one point, Acosta cracked a joke just to break the silence of the audience. “Maybe our 7,100 islands will be reduced to 6,000 because we will be under a permanent high tide. And in the Cordilleras, maybe the New People's Army will change its name to the New People's Navy.”

Asked how imminent such life threat is, Acosta said: “In 20 to 50 years, if you go by the science, even by Europe. And James Hansen said we have crossed the borderline level of CO2 emissions.”

Carbon dioxide, chiefly emissions from automobiles and industry, has long been identified as the primary contributor to a warmer planet. Hansen, as Acosta cited, has found that CO2 trapped in the planet is at a “dangerous tipping point of 385 parts per million.”

Studies have shown that temperature rise could lead to extreme weather, including stronger typhoons, drought, heat waves and heavy flooding.

Joyce Palacol, ecology program coordinator at the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines' National Secretariat for Social Action Justice and Peace (CBCP-NASSA), meanwhile told the stunned audience that just a half-meter rise in sea levels will inundate the eastern half of Camarines Sur in the Bicol region.

Using a map, Palacol showed how half on Naga City and surrounding towns in the eastern part of Camarines Sur would be inundated by waters from the Philippine Sea “with just a .5-meter rise in sea level.”

CBCP-NASSA studies have also showed a continuing and rising rate of depletion of Philippine natural resources, he said. In the last century, forest-covered land shrank from 70 to 80 percent in the 1900s to 18 percent in 2002.

Of the remaining greens, “less than three percent is original forest cover” and the rest was salvaged through reforestation,” Palacol said.

From 1918 to 1997, Philippine mangrove areas were reduced to 24.7 percent, most of which lost to conversion into fish ponds. Palacol did not give an estimate loss but he said coral reefs, home to the country's diverse marine life, have been degraded by cyanide, dynamite and commercial fishing.

“Climate change is a moral issue and the CBCP is undertaking these studies under its role to protect the integrity of creation,” Palacol said.

A study by International Alert, a global non-government organization for peace-building, placed the Philippines among 46 nations “facing a high risk of armed conflict as a knock-on consequence of climate change.”

The list included nations currently experiencing conflict, including Iran, Afghanistan, Burma, Chad, Nepal, Rwanda, Somalia, Sierra Leone, and other African, Middle Eastern and Asian states.

In the Philippine edition its publication “A Climate of Conflict: The Links Between Climate Change, Peace and War,” International Alert cautioned: “There is a real risk that climate change will compound the propensity for violent conflict, which in turn will leave communities poorer, less resilient and less able to cope with the consequences of climate change.”

The organization estimated that some 2.7 billion people in these countries will suffer the effects of climate-aggravated violence.

Some 56 other countries were identified to be at a “high risk of facing political instability” because of climate change, among them nations in Latin America, poorer nations in Europe and even powerful states such as North Korea, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

“... [I]t is safe to predict that the consequences of climate change will combine with other factors to put additional strain on already fragile social and political systems. These are the conditions in which conflicts flourish and cannot be resolved without violence because governments are arbitrary, inept and corrupt,” said International Alert's November 2007 report that was released in Manila Tuesday.

It added: “If the relationship between climate change and violent conflict is not addressed, there will be a vicious circle of failure to adapt to climate change, worsening the risk of violent conflict and, in turn, reducing further the ability to adapt.”

Notably absent on both lists are richer nations such as the United States, which science has identified to be the largest contributor to the world's carbon emissions, China, another big-time energy consumer, and the United Kingdom, among others.

For a state to adapt and avert violence, International Alert's senior policy advisor Edmundo Garcia advocated the development of “a resilient society” through spreading climate change awareness and engaging government and civil society in constant dialog.

April 29, 2008 | 12:39 PM Comments  0 comments




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